Thelytoky, the parthenogenetic development of females, has independently evolved in several insect orders yet the study of its mechanisms has so far mostly focussed on haplodiploid hymenoptera, while alternative mechanisms of thelytoky such as polyploidy are far less understood. Here we report for the first time on the occurrence of physogastric workers and apparent worker. This species is unusual in that queens and reproductive hierarchies are absent and all workers in a colony can reproduce via thelytokous parthenogenesis tsuji and yamauchi 1995. Widespread occurrence of asexual reproduction in higher. We present evidence for obligate thelytoky in the asexual fungusgardening ant, mycocepurus smithii, in which queens produce female offspring from unfertilized eggs, workers are sterile, and males appear to be completely absent. Especially in ants, thelytoky underlies a variety of idiosyncratic life histories with unique evolutionary. Nonnest mate discrimination and clonal colony structure in. Key evolutionary events are indicated at the respective clades note that. Thelytokous parthenogenesis was examined in artificial groups of virgin laboratoryreared workers, where one worker typically monopolized reproduction despite the presence of several individuals with elongated ovaries. Nonnest mate discrimination and clonal colony structure. Instructions for use title taxonomy and evolution of putative thelytokous species of leptopilina hymenoptera. Several hymenopteran species have been tested for wolbachia infections, but wolbachia could never be demonstrated to induce parthenogenesis in any thelytokous eusocial hymenoptera species 28. Evolutionary history of the hymenoptera sciencedirect. During emergency queen rearing, worker honey bees apis mellifera select several otherwise workerdestined larvae to instead rear as candidates to replace their dead or failing queen.
It is most common in the ants where it has evolved at least four times independently and is present in at least 14 species 42. Pdf thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. In aqs species, the workers, soldiers and dispersing reproductives are produced through sexual reproduction, while nondispersing neotenic queens arise through automictic thelytokous parthenogenesis, replace the founding queen and mate with the founding king. Here we report for the first time on the occurrence of physogastric workers and apparent worker reproduction. Polyploidy versus endosymbionts in obligately thelytokous thrips. Introduction to the hymenoptera brown marmorated stink bug. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. Females of many species are known to be capable of reproducing asexually through thelytokous parthenogenesis53 and one species, mycocepurus smithii is known to be allfemale. Populations of thrips tabaci are known to have two sympatric but genetically isolated reproductive modes, arrhenotoky sexual reproduction and thelytoky asexual reproduction. Hymenoptera bees, ants, wasps ordinal characteristics. Original publication portal on ontobee on obo foundary on bioportal iri owl file disclaimer. A b isolation and dna barcode characterization of a permanent. In haplodiploid insects, thelytoky can be encoded in their genomes, or induced by maternally inherited. Over 150,000 living species of hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones.
The evolution of such reproductive altruism can ultimately be explained by inclusive fitness theory. In haplodiploid insects, thelytoky can be encoded in their genomes, or induced by maternally inherited bacteria such. The frequency of thelytokous parthenogenesis in europeanderived. Apomictic parthenogenesis in a parasitoid wasp meteorus pulchricornis, uncommon in the haplodiploid order hymenoptera. Because honey bee queens mate with and store sperm from multiple drones, emergency queen.
Thelytokous parthenogenesis as described above generates embryos that are pseudoclones of their worker parent. Platygastridae population in florida that targets fall armyworm lepidoptera. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be completely absent and only queens and not workers produce diploid offspring via. Thelytoky from the greek thelys female and tokos birth is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs, as for example in aphids. Cryptic royal subfamilies in honey bee apis mellifera. Definition an act by donor that has a cost, that is lowers its fitness, to a receiver, who gets a benefit, that is its fitness is increased. The ability to produce diploid offspring from unfertilized eggs by thelytokous parthenogenesis is rare among the hymenoptera and provides a challenge to the theories mentioned above that try to explain the maintenance of eusociality stern and foster 1997. A wide range of reproductive strategies have been noted in ant species. Queens are adapted for reproduction while workers are adapted for foraging and colony maintenance.
Egglaying and male production by workers have been documented in several species, and soulie 1970 claimed that in c. Thelotokous parthenogenesis has been known to occur in the eusocial hymenoptera for many decades. The origins of eusociality in hymenoptera the insects. Workers of the widely distributed myrmicine genus cremato gaster are typically monomorphic and small to medium in size. Read hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c ataglyphis desert ants, molecular ecology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. To establish the clonal raider ant cerapachys biroi as a model eusocial organism, we sequenced and assembled its 214 megabase mb draft genome using 33 gigabases gb of illumina reads 119. The hymenoptera include famous examples of social insects, such as honeybees and true ants. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in unmated queen honeybees apis. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in which diploid females are produced from unfertilized eggs, was recently reported for some ant species.
A b isolation and dna barcode characterization of a. All social insects are characterized by a reproductive division of labor. Apomictic parthenogenesis in a parasitoid wasp meteorus. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant. Although apomixis is the most common form of parthenogenesis in diplodiploid arthropods, it is uncommon in the haplodiploid insect order hymenoptera. Mar 12, 2016 thelytokous parthenogenesis as described above generates embryos that are pseudoclones of their worker parent. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in unmated queen honeybees. Summary centers for disease control and prevention. Genetic constraints may have influenced the evolution of eusociality. Viable triploid honey bees apis mellifera capensis are. Thelytokous definition of thelytokous by merriamwebster. Artificial selection on ant female caste ratio uncovers a.
Detection of gene flow from sexual to asexual lineages in. Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. We examined the possibility that queens use thelytokous parthenogenesis for the production of new queens by comparing the mean observed heterozygosity h o between queens and workers. Research open access worker reproduction of the invasive yellow crazy ant anoplolepis gracilipes chingchen lee1,2, hirotaka nakao3, shuping tseng4,5, hungwei hsu4, gwoli lin4, jiawei tay6, johan billen7. During normal reproduction in hymenoptera, three of the four products of meiosis that are present in newlylaid eggs are lost as polar bodies, while the remaining pronucleus either develops as a haploid. This choice is crucial as the queen is the sole reproductive in the colony and her quality is essential to its success. Independent colony founding was successful for a few queens. To date, the complete loss of males from advanced social animal lineages has been reported only in ants and honey bees hymenoptera, whose workers are always female and whose males display no helping behaviors even. The phenomenon of thelytoky, the asexual production of diploid female offspring, is being increasingly uncovered among the eusocial hymenoptera. Taxonomy and evolution of putative thelytokous species of. Jun 16, 2010 thelytokous parthenogenesis in which diploid females are produced from unfertilized eggs, was recently reported for some ant species. Within a colony only a few individuals reproduce queens and in termites, also a king while the large majority workers and soldiers forgo reproduction, at least temporarily.
Nonnest mate discrimination and clonal colony structure in the parthenogenetic ant. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and here we provide. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera, annual. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera rabeling, christian. Comparisons of life histories between living species with different degrees of social behavior.
The eusocial genus apis, the honeybees, have the highest recombination rate in higher eukaryotes. Journal of hymenoptera research publishes papers of high scientific quality reporting comprehensive research on all aspects of hymenoptera, including biology, behavior, ecology, systematics, taxonomy, genetics, and morphology. The evolutionary genetics of thelytokous parthenogenesis. A decade ago, the mixed reproductive strategy asexual queen succession aqs was first described in termites. Many eusocial hymenoptera are derived from subsocial, progressive provisioning wasps 30 32. Title taxonomy and evolution of putative thelytokous species of leptopilina hymenoptera. During normal reproduction in hymenoptera, three of the four products of meiosis that are present in newlylaid eggs are lost as polar bodies, while the remaining pronucleus either develops as a. Research open access worker reproduction of the invasive yellow crazy ant anoplolepis gracilipes chingchen lee1,2, hirotaka nakao3, shuping tseng4,5, hungwei hsu4, gwoli lin4, jiawei tay6, johan billen7, fuminori ito3, chowyang lee8, chungchi lin1 and chincheng scotty yang5 abstract background. Reproductive division of labor is one of the key features of social insects. A method for estimating variation in the phenotypic expression of morphological characters by thelytokous parthenogenesis in apis mellifera capensis. Isolation and dna barcode characterization of a permanent telenomus hymenoptera. According to estimates derived from the proposed phylogeny of the hymenoptera, eusociality has arisen independently in wasps, bees, and ants fig. Loss of males from mixedsex societies in termites bmc.
Evolutionary history of the hymenoptera a representatives of sawflies, wasps, ants, and bees. Midcoxal articulations and the phylogeny of the order hymenoptera. We found a new type of spontaneous apomixis in the hymenoptera, completely lacking meiosis and the expulsion of polar bodies in egg maturation division, on the thelytokous strain of a parasitoid wasp meteorus pulchricornis wesmael braconidae, euphorinae on pest lepidopteran larvae spodoptera litura fabricius noctuidae. Annals of the entomological society of america 816. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and. Multiple mating and supercoloniality in cataglyphis desert. Here we report one such instance of asexual reproduction in the ants. Pierce, laurent keller, nonnest mate discrimination and clonal colony structure in the parthenogenetic ant cerapachys biroi, behavioral ecology, volume 24. Oct 01, 2018 the haplodiploid system of sex determination of hymenoptera acts as an exaptation for species to evolve novel forms of asexual reproduction including thelytoky clonal offspring of the mother. Thelytokous parthenogenesis by queens in the dacetine ant. Polyploidy versus endosymbionts in obligately thelytokous.
Thelytokous parthenogenesis is the asexual production of female. In 16 colonies collected in florida, a total of 66 individuals differed morphologically from queens and workers. Hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c. The cytological mechanism underlying thelytoky in cape honey bees is automixis with central fusion 112, which leads to gradual loss of heterozygosity, especially at loci distant from centromeres 3, 84. Female parthenogenesis, or thelytoky, is particularly common in solitary hymenoptera. The genome structure of the order hymenoptera has been found to have the highest recombination rates of any other groups in animalia. Worker reproduction of the invasive yellow crazy ant. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the exotic dacetine ant strumigenys.
Hymenopterans, the membranewinged insects, include bees, ants, and a large number of other insect taxa collectively referred to as wasps. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and here we provide a comprehensive overview. New species and records of nearctic mutillid wasps of the genus. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera rabeling and kronauer 2 of the host colony 2, 5, 52, 57. Herein, we report behavioral, ecological and genetic studies to determine whether there is gene flow between arrhenotokous and thelytokous t. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be. Taxonomy and evolution of putative thelytokous species of leptopilina hymenoptera.
B phylogenetic relationships and divergence time estimates of hymenoptera. In many species, however, workers retain functional ovaries and can lay unfertilized male eggs or trophic eggs. The haplodiploid system of sex determination of hymenoptera acts as an exaptation for species to evolve novel forms of asexual reproduction including thelytoky clonal offspring of the mother. Here, we document thelytokous reproduction by queens in the polygynous species pyramica membranifera. So far, thelytoky has been convincingly demonstrated in the cape honeybee, apis mellifera capensis 1921, and for seven. An introduction to the diversity the order offers, and guidance on identification how to collect hymenoptera, and specifically trissolcus how to handle samples from the field how to correctly mount and label specimens new friends a challenge that.
Figitidae from japan, with description of two new species. Taxonomic papers describing single species are acceptable if the species has economic importance or provides new data on the biology or evolution of the genus or higher. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is rare among animals and reported in about 1,500 species, about 1 in of described animal species, according to a 1984 study. Colony structure and reproduction in the thelytokous. Platygastridae is a lepidopteran egg parasitoid that is currently being mass reared and released in several central and south american countries for the control of spodoptera noctuidae pest species, in particular the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda j.
Thripidae, is an example in which sexual and asexual reproduction occur sympatrically 2224. Wolbachia is known to cause at least four distinct classes of reproductive phenotypes in a range of arthropods. Over 150,000 living species of hymenoptera have been described, 2 3 in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. The evolutionary genetics of thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. In thelytokous parthenogenesis by cape workers the central rather than the terminal or random pronuclei fuse to produce the restored diploid nucleus, as if one of the central maternal pronuclei takes the place of a sperm pronucleus. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera annual. Especially in ants, thelytoky underlies a variety of idiosyncratic life histories with unique evolutionary and ecological consequences. Sexual reproduction is the norm in almost all animal species, and in many advanced animal societies, both males and females participate in social activities. Arrhenotoky and haplodiploidy males are haploid and inherit a single set of chromosomes from their mother, whereas females are diploid and. Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant mycocepurus smithii hymenoptera.
Author information1museum of comparative zoology labs, harvard university, cambridge, massachusetts 028, usa. That is, thelytokous offspring receive one copy of the two grandparental genomes and are largely identical to their thelytokous parent, unless recombination during meiosis has resulted in loss of heterozygosity. Problem is any tendency to perform such altruistic acts should by definition of natural selection be selected against and thus disappear over evolutionary time. The genome of the clonal raider ant cerapachys biroi. Key evolutionary events are indicated at the respective clades note that only the major eusocial lineages are considered. The cytological mechanism underlying thelytoky in cape honey bees is automixis with central fusion 112, which leads to gradual loss of heterozygosity, especially. Hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two.
Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera antwiki. Since first reported by light in 1944 43 for the genus zootermopsis. Feb 01, 20 read hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c ataglyphis desert ants, molecular ecology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Jan 22, 20 here, we studied the social cohesion and genetic composition of colonies of the parthenogenetic ant cerapachys biroi. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, the production of diploid female offspring from unfertilized eggs, has been observed in a small number of eusocial hymenopteran species. The lifecycle of a progressive provisioning wasp is divided into a reproductive phase, during which the wasp constructs a brood cell, has activated ovaries, and lays an egg, as well as a brood care phase, during which the wasp forages and provisions the larva while her ovaries are inactive figure 4a.
40 1553 455 925 1359 126 897 1423 444 1375 1477 1116 679 381 1420 247 267 928 239 1382 436 69 879 657 516 182 288 145 1005 279 986 1334 217 402 1157 93 1087 225 1162 838 553 491 820 241 52 873 75 1123 760 804